geometry shapes

There are several kinds of shapes you will learn in elementary school; this page will provide you with the names and examples of each one.

Circle

A round shape, drawn like this:

Triangle

A shape with three sides. Sometimes the sides are equal—sometimes they aren’t. Their names are sometimes different depending on the length of the sides. We will show you the common ones:

Equilateral triangle—this triangle has 3 equal sides.
Isosceles triangle—this triangle has 2 equal sides.
Scalene triangle—this triangle has no equal sides.

Square

A box shape, with four equal sides—opposite sides are parallel, drawn like this:

Parallel means non-intersecting. For example, parallel lines means that if the two lines kept going forever, they would never cross over each other—they would always be an equal distance apart.

Rectangle

Another box shape, with two sets of equal sides. Equal sides are opposite each other. The sides are parallel to each other. It’s drawn like this:

Trapezoid

Another 4 sided shape, with one set of parallel lines (the other set of lines is not parallel), drawn like this:

Pentagon

A shape with five sides. They can be drawn many different ways, but these are the most common:

The pentagon on the left is known as a regular pentagon, because all of its sides are the same length. The one on the right is also a commonly known pentagon, shaped like a house.

Hexagon

A shape with six sides, drawn like this:

Heptagon

A shape with seven sides, drawn like this:

Octagon

A shape with eight sides, drawn like this:

You’ll notice that the octagon is the shape they use for stop signs.

Nonagon

A shape with nine sides, drawn like this:

Decagon

A shape with 10 sides, drawn like this:

Dodecagon

A shape with 12 sides, drawn like this:

Polygons

All of these shapes are polygons. A polygon is a shape made of lines that could be colored in (all the lines meet and it has a “middle”).
Most of what you will be asked to do with these shapes is recognize them and draw them, so memorize how many sides they have, what they look like, etc. Other things may include calculating the area and/or perimeter of these shapes. If you’re trying to find area or perimeter, read our page on Area and Perimeter.

invitation

 INVITATION

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do 

 something. 

  There are two types of invitation

  FORMAL INVITATION 

Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal 

invitation is written invitation.

  INFORMAL INVITATION 

Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be 

written invitation and verbal invitation. 

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something. 

  Extending (mengundang)

  for example:

• I would like to invite you to come to my hotel

• Would you like to come to my home?

• How would you like to go  Bali with us next month?  

Accepting (menerima)  

• I’d love to  

• I like that

• That sounds great

Declining (menolak) / refusing

• I’d love to, but I can’t

• I’m really sorry because I can’t come 

EXAMPLE OF INVITATION:

Recount text

Recount Text

Definition Recount Text
       Recount text is used to retell about activity / action in the past to inform or to entertain.
The generic structure :
1). Orientation : Who – What – Where – When.
2). Events : The series of events.
3). Re-orientation : A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.


The characteristics of Recount Text :
• Using the simple past tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense, and Past Perfect Tense, Perfect Continuous Tense.

Example :

Diving in Bunaken Island

Orientation :
       Last year, I left New Zealand for Bunaken Island. I went there with a group of New Zealand divers. Getting there was not quite easy.
Event 1 :
       Soon after our arrival at Bunaken, we got a general briefing. It included a description about how to make pictures under water.
Event 2 :
       Then we began our diving. In our diving, we saw groups of tiny fish. In order to identify them, we needed a good guide. Without some knowledge of their habitat and behavior, it was difficult to identify.
Re-orientation :
       In summary, the trip was mostly enjoyable. This place is so impressive with its marine life.

vocabs shapes

shapes

Definition Shapes
Shapes are all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.

SHAPES


Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle
Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere
Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon - 5 sides
Octagon - 8 sides
Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart

procedure text

Procedure Text

Procedure is the set of steps which should be completed in the right sequence to get the goal. In our daily life, we often have to perform some steps to make or get something done. For example, early in the morning, you help your mother prepare cups of tea for all members of your family. In making cups of tea, you have to follow certain procedure in order to get a nice drink. Most of our daily activities are related with procedures. That is why, you should understand what a procedure text is, how to make and use it. The generic structure of procedure has three principal components namely (1) the goal, (2) materials and (3) steps.

A. Generic Structure of procedure

1. Goal : Title of the text (especially for a recipe)
2. Materials : Optional, not for all procedural texts
3. Steps : a series steps oriented to achieving the Goal

B. Generic Features
1. The use of Simple Present Tense, often in an imperative form e.g. Add some sugar, prepare it,.
2. The use mainly of temporal conjunction (or numbering to indicate sequence especially in written text)

a. As the sentence introducers (sequencers) especially in spoken text:
First … Firstly …
Second … Secondly …
Then … Thirdly …
After that … Afterwards …
Finally … Lastly …
e.g. Firstly, prepare some water!

b. As time introducers, especially in written text
… before …
After …
When …
While …
… until …
During …
e.g. While you are boiling the water, grind the chilies, onions and salt
Now read this text!

Goal:
How to activate a Handphone
Nowadays, we need a handphone to connect to our colleagues. We can get it easily in the shop. When we buy it we shall get a handphone, a SIM card, a battery and a charger

steps:
This is the way to activate the handphone:
· First, open the cover of the handphone
· Second, insert the SIM card after being installed
· Third, insert the battery inside
· Fourth, close the battery with a cover of handphone
· Fifth, connect the lead from the charger to the bottom of the phone.
· Sixth, connect the charger to an AC wall outlet. Charging the battery supplied with the phone may take four up to six hours.
Seventh, when the battery is fully charged, the bar stops scrolling. Disconnect the charger from the AC outlet and the phone. Then, we are ready to make a phone call.

Read this procedure text again!

Goal:
How to boil an egg
Do you know how to boil an egg? Well, this is the way!

steps
· First, heat a saucepan of water on the stove.
· Then put the egg in the boiling water.
· After that, heat it until it boils.
· Next, cook it for three minutes.
· Don’t leave the eggs until it gets burnt.
· Now, the egg is ready to serve.
Finally, serve it with pepper powder and salt
To make it clear, please remember the concept of procedure below:

Purpose:
Procedures help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instruction or direction

Text Organization:

Title
Goal
Materials and equipment needed (optional)
Steps

Language Features:
The use of imperative
Include technical terms
Use words that tell the reader how, when and where to perform the task.

present tense

PRESENT TENSE

1. Simple Present (Kebiasaan/sederhana sekarang) 

Simple Present adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan. Dimana perbuatan itu sedang dikenakan atau sesuatu yang merupakan kebiasaan sehari-hari. Ciri-ciri keterangannya antara lain every day, every Sunday, every month, every year, every week, etc

Ø Rumus :

A. Bentuk Nominal

I/You/We/They + To Be (am/are)
 He/She/It + To Be (is) 

Contoh:

1) She is here every Monday.

Dia berada disini setiap hari Senin.

2) We are at cinema every night.

Kami berada di bioskop setiap malam

3) He is very poor

Dia sangat miskin

B. Bentuk Verbal

I/You/We/They + VERB I

He/She/It + VERB I (s/es)

Contoh:

1) We go to school every day.

Setiap hari kami pergi ke sekolah.

2) They study Math at school.

Mereka belajar matematika di Sekolah

3) He watches movie in the evening

Dia nonton bioskop pada sore hari.

Ø Penggunaan Present Tense :

- Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan sering dilakukan (habitual action).

Contoh:

1. They go to school every day.

Mereka pergi ke sekolah setiap hari. 

2. He goes to the office at 7 o’clock.

Dia pergi ke kantor pada jam 7. 

- Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum (general truth) atau suatu kejadian yang tidak dapat disangkal (dan dulu sampai sekarang tidak mengalami perubahan).

Contoh:

1. The sun sets in the west.

Matahari terbenam di barat

2. The world is around.

Dunia (adalah) bulat

3. The ice is cold

Itu rasanya dingin.

Ø Simple Present Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative) :

Jika hendak membuat kalimat tanya, maka ditambahkan kata bantu di depan Subject, yaitu: 

- To Be (is/am/are) pada kalimat Bentuk Nominal

? : To Be (am/are) + I/You/We/They ? : To Be (is) + He/She/It) 

- Do untuk I/You/They/We dan Does untuk He/She/It pada kalimat Bentuk Verbal.

? : Do + I/You/We/They + VERB I ? : Does + He/She/It + VERB I (s/es) 

Contoh:

1. Are you a new student here ?

Apakah anda siswa baru disini ?

2. Do you speak English ?

Apakah kamu berbahasa Inggris ?

3. Does he go to Ball every day ?

Apakah dia pergi ke Bali setiap hari ?

Catatan: 

Perlu diingat, apabila kalimat Interrogative dipergunakan pada orang ketiga tunggal (he/she/it) pada Bentuk Verbal, maka kata kerjanya tidak mendapatkan tambahan apa-apa:

Contoh : Does she goes to ..... menjadi Does she go to ......

present perfect tense

Present Perfect Tense

Formula untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah:

Subject + (has/have) + verb3+ object + modifier

Contoh:

1.     Farmers in Jati Bali have grown rice crops since 1970. (

2.     Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months.

3.     Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago.

Note: HAS VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya singular, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah he, she, it dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun he, she atau it. Sebaliknya, HAVE VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya plural, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah I, you, they, we, dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun I, you, they, atau we.

Penggunaan Present Perfect Tense

Pada dasarnya, penggunaan Present Perfect Tense dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:

1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas sudah terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1.     John has traveled around the world.

2.     She has read the entire book..

3.     I have eaten.

4.     Someone has stolen my book.

5.     They have gone.

Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan John bertamasya ke seluruh dunia, kapan dia membaca buku, kapan saya makan, kapan seseorang mencuri buku saya, kapan mereka pergi. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan.

2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1.     I have seen the Titanic three times.

2.     She has fallen in love ten times.

3.     They have failed the exam twice.

4.     My car has broken down five times.

5.     Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times.

Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan saya nonton Titanic, kapan dia jatuh cinta, kapan mereka gagal ujian, kapan mobil saya rusak, kapan dekan menghukum mahasiswa pembangkang itu. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah berapa kali kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan dari dulu samapi NOW; apakah once (sekali), twice/two times (dua kali), trice/three times (tiga kali), ten times (sepuluh kali), dan seterusnya.

3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas terus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now).

Contoh:

1.     I have lived in this house for nine years.

2.     We have studied English since a month ago.

3.     He has married her for nineteen years.

4.     Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980.

5.     She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour.

Note: Semua kejadian/aktivitas pada kelima contoh di atas masih berlangsung sampai saat diungkapkan (now). Kejadian/aktivitas seperti ini juga dapat dinyatakan dengan present perfect continuous tense dengan tanpa merubah makna kalimat.

Penggunaan For dan Since

Khusus untuk penggunaan present perfect tense yang ketiga ini, waktu kejadian/aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh subject dinyatakan dengan menggunakan for dan since. For (berarti selama) diikuti oleh durasi atau lamanya waktu kejadian. Misalnya: for thirty years (selama 30 tahun), for ten minutes (selama 10 menit), for a week (selama seminggu), etc. Sedangkan, since (berarti sejak) diikuti oleh kapan kejadian/aktivitas itu dimulai. Misalnya: since 1985 (sejak tahun 1985), since January (sejak bulan Januari), since 2 o’clock (sejak jam 2), etc.

Perhatikan kelima contoh di atas. Jika for diganti dengan since, atau sebaliknya, maka kalimat di atas menjadi:

1.     I have lived in this house since 2000.

2.     We have studied English for a month.

3.     He has married her since 1990. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place for twenty-nine years.

4.     She has waited for her boyfriend since an hour ago.

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut,

Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3+ object + modifier

Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasn’t, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi haven’t.

Contoh:

1.     John has not traveled around the world. (John belum bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).

2.     She has not read the entire book. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).

3.     I have not eaten. (Saya belum makan).

4.     Someone has not stolen my book. (Seseorang belum mencuri buku saya).

5.     They have not gone. (Mereka belum pergi).

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

(Has/have) + subject + verb3+ object + modifier?

Contoh:

1.     Has John traveled around the world? (Apakah John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia?).

2.     Has she read the entire book? (Apakah dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan?).

3.     Have you eaten? (Apakah kamu telah makan?).

4.     Has someone stolen your book? (Apakah seseorang telah mencuri buku kamu?).

5.     Have they gone? (Apakah mereka telah pergi?).

Penggunaan already dan yet

a. Adverb already digunakan untuk mempertegas pernyatakan bahwa sesuatu telah atau belum terjadi pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified time) di masa lampau. Already (telah/sudah) digunakan pada kalimat positif, sedangkan yet (belum) digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.

Already biasanya diletakkan di antara auxiliary (has/have) dan verb3, tetapi bisa juga diletakkan diakhir kalimat tanpa merubah arti kalimat, seperti terlihat dalam formula berikut:.

Subject + (has/have) + already + verb3+ object + modifier

Atau

Subject + (has/have) + Verb3+ object + modifier + already

Contoh:

1.     John has already traveled around the world. Atau, John has traveled around the world already.

2.     She has already read the entire book. Atau, She has read the entire book already.

3.     I have already eaten. Atau, I have eaten already.

4.     Someone has already stolen my book. Atau, Someone has stolen my book already.

5.     They have already gone. Atau, They have gone already.

b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini:

Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3+ object + modifier + yet

Selain itu, yet juga bisa juga ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (yaitu setelah has/have) dengan formula sebagai berikut:

Subject + (has/have) + yet + (to + Verb1) + object + modifier

Note: verb3 berubah menjadi infinitive (to + verb1). Dan, walaupun tidak ada not, kalimat ini bermakna negatif (maknanya sama dengan jika yet ditempatkan di akhir kalimat).

Contoh:

1.     John has not traveled around the world yet. Atau, John has yet to travel around the world.

2.     She has not read the entire book yet. Atau, She has yet to read the entire book.

3.     I have not eaten yet. Atau, I have yet to eat.

4.     Someone has not stolen my book yet. Atau, Someone has yet to steal my book

5.     They haven’t gone yet. Atau, They have yet to go.

Dalam kalimat tanya, yet umumnya ditempatkan diakhir kalimat.

Contoh:

1.     Has John traveled around the world yet?

2.     Has she read the entire book yet?

3.     Have you eaten yet?

4.     Has someone found your book yet?

5.     Have they gone yet? etc.